Bioluminescent Disversity: From Microbes to Insects

Bioluminescence is a remarkable biological phenomenon where living organisms produce light through a chemical reaction, primarily involving the enzyme luciferase and the substrate luciferin. This process serves various ecological functions, including predation, communication and defense across different taxa such as bacteria, fungi and insects. Bioluminescent bacteria, predominantly found in marine environments, use this capability for symbiotic relationships, with species like Vibrio fischeri providing light to host organisms. Fungi display bioluminescence in a limited number of species, suggesting an evolutionary link across diverse lineages. In insects, bioluminescence plays roles in mating and predation, with fireflies showcasing intricate signalling systems that vary among species. Click beetles exhibit bioluminescence for communication and defense, while glowworms utilize light to attract prey. Recent advancements in genetic engineering, particularly using fluorescent proteins like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in pest management, highlight the potential for bioluminescence in ecological monitoring and targeted pest control strategies. This review showcases bioluminescence in both microbes and insects that offers invaluable insights into the ecological roles and functions of these luminous organisms in their respective ecosystems.